The Future of Uyghur Nationalism and Its Impact on US-China Relations
Tugrul Keskingoren(1)
The aim of my study is to provide a historical overview of Uyghur
nationalism in China after the occupation of the Eastern Turkistan
Republic, and to provide insight into future ramifications for US-
China relations. Furthermore, I will analyze the elements that have
caused the rise in the Uyghur nationalist movement. In regards to
international relations and politics today, nationalist movements
throughout the world have been undergoing a period of transformation
following the break-up of the Soviet Union. The trend has been that
micro-nationalist and separatist movements from Iraq to East Timor
have been steadily on the increase. These new emerging ethnic and
nationalist movements challenge the nature of the state and cause a
confrontation with state authority. More democratic demands by ethnic
and nationalist movements also create more lawlessness and chaos in
the developing countries. Regardless of the condition of the economy,
culture, and politics, this new challenge by the separatist
nationalist movements maintains a pervasive state of destabilization
for these countries, which are also dealing with ethnic conflict.
Moreover, the globalization and rise of Islamic Movements bring a new
and more complex structure to the ethnic and nationalist movements.
Ethno-nationalist movements have been one of the key elements in
International Relations today. Following September 11, US national
security and its interests cannot ignore the importance of the
geographical location of Central Asia and the Xinjiang region.
Xinjiang, historically known as Eastern Turkistan, is one of the
largest provinces of China, and the size of the region is larger than
Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. In
Uyghur nationalism, religion has always been a key factor of their
social structure. Today, Uyghurs are predominantly Muslim, and use
Arabic scripts. After the invasion of Afghanistan by the US military,
a little more than a hundred Uyghurs were captured in Afghanistan,
and placed in Taliban training camps, and most of them were later
released by the US authorities. However, twenty-two Uyghurs were put
into the prison in Guantanamo. This was the beginning of a new
foreign policy challenge to the US and is one that has badly
influenced relations between the US and China. Today, Uyghur
nationalism consists of religious elements and a secular structure.
Unfortunately, the religious components in Uyghur nationalism are
overwhelmingly dominant. The current conflict among Uyghur
associations outside of China is a good example of the position of
Uyghurs, who are at the beginning of this split. If the current
conflict continues, then the Uyghur Nationalist movement will be
divided.
According to the theory of nationalism and ethnicity, and with some
exceptions, nationalist movements usually have a secular structure
under normal circumstances. For instance, modern Kurdish and Turkish
nationalisms are important examples of secular movements. However,
there is always a diverse structure within nationalist movements,
therefore religion and nationalism go together. They overlap on many
subjects; consequently in some instances it is hard to separate
religion from nationalism. Uyghur nationalism is one of the important
examples of nationalism that exists as a combination between religion
and secular nationalistic ideas, especially in the last decade.
Uyghurs are an indigenous population of Central Asia and the West
part of China, called Xinjiang in Chinese. Uyghurs have called their
homeland Eastern Turkistan. China has many different ethnic and
religious groups, but the Uyghur case is very unique, because Uyghurs
are ethnically and religiously very distinctive from the Chinese.
There are many other Muslim minorities in China, but the Uyghur is
the dominant ethnic group, among Muslims with a population of
approximately 20 million people.(2) We have no exact number, because
after the Cultural Revolution there has been domestic migration that
has taken place within the last thirty years and the demographic
structure in Eastern Turkistan has changed to the detriment of the
Uyghur population. Within the next ten to fifteen years, Uighurs will
be a minority group in their homeland.
The history of the Chinese invasion of Eastern Turkistan goes back to
the 18th century. The Chinese renamed the region to Xinjiang in 1884,
a name that means `new land.' In 1946, the Eastern Turkistan Republic
was established, and Isa Yusuf Alptekin became the president of the
Republic until another Chinese invasion took place in 1949. Finally,
the leaders of the Eastern Turkistan republic escaped from the region
through Pakistan and India. The USSR and China agreed to control the
border between Xinjiang and the neighboring region, Central Asia.
Central Asia was now entirely under the control of the USSR, and the
Communist party tried to create a different identity, because of the
influence of so-called "separatist movements" such as the Uyghurs.
The Uyghurs in China and other Central Asian ethnic groups in the
USSR such as the Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen as well as other
small tribal and ethnic groups, also have very similar cultural,
ethnic, and religious backgrounds. For the Uyghurs, in terms of the
similarities of their language, it is very easy to communicate with
the other Central Asian nations; therefore, in order to prevent
separatism, between 1949 and 1991, the USSR and China suppressed the
minorities groups in Central Asia. They had been somehow successful
until the collapse of the USSR regime. The new global political
environment instead helps the new ethnic and nationalist movements to
flourish in Central Asia. In 1991, five Central Asian countries
achieved independence from Russia. This is another factor that
influenced the Uighur movement in Xinjiang.
After the collapse of the USSR, religion and religious movements in
Central Asia have revitalized from underground. The Taliban came to
power in Afghanistan in 1996. In Pakistan, Cemaal-ul Islamiye became
stronger among traditional Muslims. In Uzbekistan, a neighbor to
Xinjiang, the IMU -Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan also was another
important factor that influenced the radicalization of the Uighur
movement. The IMU is closely affiliated with Al-Qaida, and is under
the leadership of Tohir Yoldashev, who had close relations with the
Uighur movement. In Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, Hizb-ut Tahrir has
been popular among youngsters who speak the same dialect with
Uyghurs. In large part, these are the regional political changes that
influence the Uighur movement.
In summary, in March of this year, the World Uighur Congress was
formed, and many different Uighur groups came to the conclusion that
a united Uyghur movement is a more effective way to fight against and
obtain independence from China. Separate and in opposition to the
united Uighur movement, other Uighur groups formed an exile Uighur
government in September 14 of this year. This second group contains
more religious elements than the World Uighur Congress. Therefore,
the Uighur movement is made up of the split of these two elements.
Today, China's growing economy has changed Chinese social and
political structure. Between the US and China, there used to be two
important political factors, Taiwan and Tibet. However today, there
is a third and perhaps more important political subject that has
emerged, and that is Uyghur Nationalism.
1)Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of
Sociology-560 McBryde Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-USA. tugrulk@vt.edu
http://tugrulkeskingoren.blogspot.com
2)According to Fredrick Starr's recent Book "Xinjiang: Chinese Muslim
Borderland," the total Xinjiang population was 15 million in 1990.


